Experimental realization of a measurement-induced entanglement phase transition on a superconducting quantum processor

Authors:
Jin Ming Koh, Shi-Ning Sun, Mario Motta, and Austin J. Minnich

Ergodic many-body quantum systems undergoing unitary dynamics evolve towards increasingly entangled states, characterized by an extensive scaling of entanglement entropies (1). At the other extreme, repeatedly measured quantum systems may be stabilized in a measurement eigenstate, a phenomenon known as the quantum Zeno effect (2). Recently, the intermediate regime in which unitary evolution is interspersed with measurements has become of interest. Numerical studies have reported the existence of distinct phases characterized by volume- and area-law entanglement entropy scaling for low and high measurement rates respectively, separated by a critical measurement rate (3). The experimental investigation of these dynamic quantum phases of matter on near-term quantum hardware is challenging due to the need for repeated high-fidelity mid-circuit measurements and fine control over the evolving unitaries. Here (4), we report the realization of a measurement-induced entanglement transition on superconducting quantum processors with mid-circuit readout capability. We observe extensive and sub-extensive scaling of entanglement entropy in the volume- and area-law phases, respectively, by varying the rate of projective measurements. We further establish the critical nature of the entanglement transition by extracting the critical exponents. 
 Our work paves the way for the use of mid-circuit measurement as an effective resource for quantum simulation on near-term quantum computers, for instance by facilitating the study of dynamic and long-range entangled quantum phases.
 

 References:
 1) P. Calabrese and J. Cardy, J. Stat. Mech. P04010 (2005)
 2) B. Misra and E. C. G. Sudarshan, J. Math. Phys. 18, 756 (1977)
 3) B. Skinner et al, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031009 (2019)
 4) J. M. Koh et al, arXiv:2203.04338 (2022)